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Discover deals on home essentials and electricals. Apply AO. Very - Very deals. University of Reading researcher Mark Gasson has become the first human known to be infected by a computer virus. The virus, infecting a chip implanted in Gasson's hand, passed into a laboratory computer. From there, the infection could have spread into other computer chips found in building access cards.
All this was intentional, in an experiment to see how simple radio-frequency identification RFID chips like those used for tracking animals can host and spread technological diseases. The research shows that as implantable bionic devices such as pacemakers get more sophisticated in the years ahead, their security and the safety of the patients whose lives depend on them will become increasingly important, said Gasson.
Q: With so much physical evidence of a real condition, why were ulcers routinely classified as psychosomatic? A: Eventually doctors realized they could see the ulcers with X-ray machines, but, of course, those machines were in big cites like New York and London — so doctors in those cities started identifying ulcers in urban businessmen who probably smoked a lot of cigarettes and had a high-pressure lifestyle.
Later, scientists induced ulcers in rats by putting them in straitjackets and dropping them in ice water. Then they found they could protect the rats from these stress-based ulcers by giving them antacids. They made the connection between ulcers, stress, and acid without any proper double-blind studies, but it fit in with what everybody thought. A: I was in the third year of my internal medicine training, in , and I had to take on a project. Robin Warren, the hospital pathologist, said he had been seeing these bacteria on biopsies of ulcer and stomach cancer patients for two years, and they were all identical.
A: The microorganisms all had an S-shaped or helical form, and the infections coated the stomach. Warren had found them in about 20 patients who had been sent to him because doctors thought they might have cancer.
Instead of cancer, he had found these bacteria. She had come in feeling nauseated, with chronic stomach pain. We put her through the usual tests, but nothing showed up. So of course she got sent to a psychiatrist, who put her on an antidepressant. Then another patient turned up, an old Russian guy who had severe pains.
There was no treatment for an year-old man in those days, so we put him on tetracycline and sent him home. He goes off, and two weeks later he comes back. Clearing out the infection had cured him. I had one more year to go, so I did the paperwork to set up a proper clinical trial with patients to look for the bacteria causing the gut infection; that started in April of Q: But at first nothing was turning up, right?
A: Yes — not until patients 34 and 35, on Easter Tuesday, when I got this excited call from the microbiologist. So I go down there and he shows me two cultures, the grand slam, under the microscope. But Helicobacter is slow-growing, we discovered. After that we let the cultures grow longer and found we had 13 patients with duodenal ulcer, and all of them had the bacteria.
Q: When did you realize H. A: We observed that everybody who got stomach cancer developed it on a background of gastritis, an irritation or inflammation of the stomach lining. So as far as we knew, the only important cause of gastritis was Helicobacter.
Therefore, it had to be the most important cause of stomach cancer as well. Q: How did you get the word out about your discovery? That was my first experience of people being totally skeptical. To gastroenterologists, the concept of a germ causing ulcers was like saying that the Earth is flat. After that I realized my paper was going to have difficulty being accepted.
The idea was too weird. My letter described the history of these bacteria over the past years. We both knew that we were standing at the edge of a fantastic discovery. At the bottom of my letter I said the bacteria were candidates for the cause of ulcers and stomach cancer. By then I was working at a hospital in Fremantle, biopsying every patient who came through the door.
But they were making a billion dollars a year for the antacid drug Zantac and another billion for Tagamet. You could make a patient feel better by removing the acid. In America in the s, 2 to 4 percent of the population had Tagamet tablets in their pocket. There was no incentive to find a cure. Q: But one drug company did provide useful information, right? A: I got an interesting letter from a company that made an ulcer product called Denel, which contained bismuth — much like Pepto-Bismol in the United States.
A senior research fellow in the U. Technically, the chip Mark Gasson inserted into his hand is infected, which one could argue keeps the virus limited to the domain of the chip even though it lives inside the man. But Gasson, of the University of Reading's School of Systems Engineering, suggests this argument is immaterial because he is demonstrating that increasingly sophisticated medical implants will become vulnerable to computer viruses. Which means that those implants that are vital to a human's health and survival could, if corrupted, compromise the health--and potentially the survival--of the carrier.
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